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niedziela, 17 lipca 2011

Nieuregulowane sprawy własnościowe?

http://www.jewishtravel.pl/place_index.php?a=G

The following information is intended as an introduction to all known places in Poland with remaining sites of Jewish interest.

Glowno

A former beit ha-midrash and the buildings of the former religious school and Jewish community offices remain.

Gdzie był cmentarz żydowski w Głownie?

Info ze strony: http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/glowno/12,cmentarze/1886,cmentarz-ul-swoboda-/

Cmentarz żydowski w Głownie znajdował się przy ul. Swoboda 4. Został on założony w połowie XVIII w. Podczas II wojny światowej Niemcy całkowicie zdewastowali cmentarz. Nagrobki wykorzystano m.in. do umocnień brzegów zalewu. Po wojnie teren kirkutu zajęła fabryka oraz założenie parkowe. Fragmenty macew są znajdowane do dnia dzisiejszego w różnych częściach miasta.

W Muzeum Regionalnym w Głownie, przy ul. Łowiciej, znajduje się sześć fragmentów macew, natomiast około 20 fragmentów macew znajduje się w ogrodzie państwa Rydzyńskich przy ul. Młynarskiej 2. Zachowane fragmenty pochodzą z 1812 r. i XIX w., mają zachowane inskrypcje w języku hebrajskim.

Glowno Businesses 1929

Written and Contributed by Cathy J. Flamholtz

In 1929, the Polish government produced the Ksiega Adresowa Polski, a directory of businesses in the country, focusing on trade, industry, handicraft and agriculture. It was akin to our present day Yellow Pages, though it lacked addresses and phone numbers. Indeed, only the surname and, usually, the first initial of the given name is mentioned. In comparing the listings to those on my family tree, I believe that the Ch. And Sz. which appear instead of the single initial correlate to Chaim and Szlama.

Jewishgen and JRI-Poland are now offering the actual images from the business directory at:
http://www.jewishgen.org/jri-pl/bizdir/start.htm

Glowno is located in the Brzeziny district of Lodz province. However, it can be cumbersome to move about the images and one needs to constantly refer to the translation of occupations.

For the ease of those researching Glowno, I 've transcribed the entries and placed them in alphabetical order.

Since Glowno was a small town, the businesses listed in the directory are fairly basic. Most of the types of businesses are self-explanatory, but a few are a little perplexing. While there are grocery stores, there are also businesses categorized as dealing in articles of food. I can only guess that this means they sold one or more types of foodstuffs rather than the full array that you'd find in a grocery store. A number of businesses are listed as dealing in corn. An earlier translation of the occupations I saw listed this as dealing in grains. Perhaps these people dealt in feed for livestock.

Clearly, this did not reveal the full extent of the business life in Glowno. There were undoubtedly many small cottage industries that were not listed and many folks earned their living as traders, buying wares that they could sell on Market Day in both Glowno and surrounding towns. With its close proximity to Lodz, many people opened businesses in this larger city.

You'll note that some of the businesses below are typed in red. This indicates a registered business. I have listed ALL the business in Glowno, not just those owned by Jews. This is so that you can appreciate just how much Jews contributed to the local economy. Jewish owned businesses are underlined. In determining which businesses were owned by Jews, I have relied on my own family records and the Jewish entries in the Glowno Book of Residents. I suspect there are several others who should be underlined so if you see an error, please let me know and I'll make the correction.

A special thanks to my relative, Dr. Leo Flamholc, of Malmo, Sweden, for providing me with a copy of the Glowno pages from the directory.

Send any corrections or additional information to:

Cathy J. Flamholtz
1881 Oak Village Lane
Lawrenceville, GA
USA
Email: flamholtz@gmail.com

BANKS:

Zydowski Bank Spoldz, Sp. z. o. o.

Bank Ludowy, Sp. z. o. o.

COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES

Rolnik (sold agricultural machines and iron products)

Okregowe e Stowarzyszenie Spozywcze

INDIVIDUAL BUSINESSES

Banaszkiewicz, A. Wheelwright

Benet, Sz. Corn

Benke, W. Pub (beer restaurant)

Berysz, Sz. Brazier

Blichowski, A. Cabinet maker

Bocian, L. Butcher

Borek, I. Food (articles of)

Borowska, W. Food (articles of)

Bron, Sz. Leather

Brylski, A. Chemist (as in a pharmacist)

Buksztejn, A. Fabrics

Brajtsztajn, A. Food (articles of)

Brajtsztajn, A. Corn

Brajtsztajn, Ch. Grocery

Brajtsztajn, J. Grocery

Brajtsztajn, J. Food (articles of)

Brajtsztajn, J. Corn

Brajtsztajn, M. Corn

Cholewinski, J. Shoemaker

Cwajgenbaum, J. Bakery

Cwajgenbaum, Sz. Bakery

Cywinski, S. Butcher

Dancygier, J. Fancy goods

Dominiak, A. Shoemaker

Epstein, J. Locksmith

Epsztajn, H. Butcher

Epsztejn, J. Agricultural machines

Erlich, Ch. Iron products (cast iron, hardware)

Fajfer, M. Fabrics

Fass, F. Spirits

Fass, M. Food (articles of)

Flamholc Corn

Flamholc, A. Food (articles of)

Flamholc, A. Grocery

Flamholc, R. Food (articles of)

Flamholc, Sz. Iron products (cast iron, hardware)

Fogel, W. Food (articles of)

Galecki, J. Bakery

Gasior, E. Food (articles of)

Godziszewski Cooper

Goldberg, B. Kitchen utensil manufacturer

Goldsztejn, B. Leather

Goldsztein, I. Tailor

Gollenberg, A. Corn

Grabowicz, M. Wood

Gurt, A. Iron products (cast iron, hardware)

Gurt, Ch. Grocery

Hendlisz, A. Fancy goods

Henoch, Jod. Corn

Hermolin, I. Corn

Jachimowicz, Ch. Fabrics

Jackubowicz, B. Heating materials

Janicki, A. Smith (as in blacksmith)

Janisz_wski, W. Butcher

Jarzaabkowski, L. Cabinet maker

Jezierski, K. Hotel

Joskowicz, I. Fabrics

Kac, M. Leather

Karolczyk, E. Bakery

Klecki, J. Food (articles of)

Knapczynski, R. Carpenter

Kopania, A. Saddler

Krohn, U. Kitchen utensil manufacturer

Kryszkiewicz, J. Wheelwright

Kucinski, J. Shoemaker

Kwaitkowski, F. Butcher

Lajchman, I. Tailor

Lajzerowicz, L. Grocery

Lewin, M. Dentist

Lewkowicz, B. Fabrics

Liberman, D. Food (articles of)

Liberman, I. Grocery

Lisowski, E. Pastry

Mann, A. Food (articles of)

Maczynski, J. Medical Assistant

Majewski, W. Shoemaker

Majorek, Laja Dentist

Marjanska, S. Midwife

Michalski, S. Mill

Mlodorzeniec, Wl. Food (articles of)

Mospinek, W. Tailor

Mrzyglod, St. Grocery

Niewiadowicz, M. Leather

Nittenberg, A. Beer

Nowakowski, W. Spirits

Nudel, M. Food (articles of)

Nudel, Sz. Bakery

Olejniczak, S. Butcher

Pernak, Stanisl. Doctor

Perzynski, J. Pub (beer restaurant)

Piaskowski, W. Butcher

Poznanski, J. Fabrics

Rapidska, M. Midwife

Rochwerger, L. Food (articles of)

Rotenbach, A. Corn

Rotenbach, C. Food (articles of)

Rotenbach, R. Corn

Rubacha, A. Tailor

Rzewuski, K Starch manufacturer

Sadowski, F. Potter

Sawicki, F. Butcher

Sieradzki, J. Fancy goods

Sieradzki, M. Fancy goods

Siwinski, F. Paper cornets (turners)

Siwinski, J. Paper cornets (turners)

Skorski, J. Fancy goods

Skrobuz, R. Food (articles of)

Sokolowski Drug dealers (medicines)

Stepniewski Locksmith

Stepniewski, W. Flour

Stepniewski, W. Mill

Sujka, J. Medical Assistant

Surma, J. Butcher

Szaja, R. Fabrics

Szlegier, J. Carpenter

Szmerling, J. Iron products (cast iron, hardware)

Szrager, M. Heating materials

Szumiraj, Ch. Corn

Szumiraj, H. Poultry

Szumiraj, J. Corn

Szumiraj, Joel Grocery

Szumiraj, Sz. Heating materials

Szumiraj, Sz. Beer

Szwarc, D. Poultry

Ulatowska, I. Midwife

Wajl, L. Grocery

Walczewski, F. Saddler

W, T. Saddler

Wasilewski, R. Saddler

Wasilewska, Z. Midwife

Wierzbowski Locksmith

Wisniewski Linens

Wojewodzki, Wacl. Doctor (gynecologist)

Wolf, S. Wood

Wozniak, J. Butcher

Wroclawski, J. Furrier

Wroclawski, P. Furrier

Wurtel, Ch. Grocery

Zaremba, T. Tea room

Zawadsk, F. Journeymen mason

Zawadsk, W. Journeymen mason

Zemler, J. Fancy goods

Zielinska, M. Spirits

Zielinksi, M. Shoemaker

Zielinska, W. Tea room

Zlotnik, D. Oil manufacturer

Głowieńskie Dobroczynne Towarzystwo Młodych Mężczyzn

Źródło: http://www.zchor.org/glowno/society.htm

The Glovner Young Men's Benevolent Society

Written and Contributed by Cathy J. Flamholtz

We can only imagine what courage it took our ancestors to leave Glowno and relocate elsewhere. Today, in our modern mobile society, we pack up and move all the time, knowing that we can always pick up a phone and stay in touch or hop on a plane and visit the relatives in a few hours time.

But in the late 1800s and early 1900s, these options were not available. Leaving Glowno meant saying good-bye to fathers and mothers, grandparents, cousins and friends you had known your entire life, realizing that you would probably never see them again. It was leaving the forests where they had played and picked berries as children. Never again would they swim in the Mroga River and have picnics on its shore with their friends. They knew they would not be buried in the Jewish cemetery, dating back to the 1750s, where generations of family gravestones stood.

Many Glovners set out for America, while others moved to European cities, like Paris. Some, fueled by the Zionist movement, fulfilled their dream of settling in Eretz Israel. Others left out of desperation, just ahead of the Nazis who marched into the town in 1939. They knew that the Jews faced hard times under the Nazi occupation, though certainly nobody could imagine the horror that would actually befall the community. They tried to persuade family and friends to accompany them, but their efforts were often in vain.

And so, a number of residents of Glowno slipped across the Russian border, hoping that they would find comfort with these foes of the Nazis. It was not to be. These Glovners were rounded up and sentenced to work in slave labor camps in Siberia.

The Glovners that came to New York in the early 1900s faced a new and uncertain world. Most spoke only Yiddish and had no contacts to help them secure a job and a place to live. While many dreamed of fame and fortune, they found New York City to be a grim and forbidding place to live. Rents were high and landlords unforgiving. What would happen to them if they became ill and could not work? There was no safety net and welfare societies routinely took away the children of indigent parents and placed them in institutions. Disease was rampant and medical care either expensive or dispensed by charlatans. What synagogue would they attend? And when they died, who would come to the service and where would they be buried?

It's difficult for us to realize today just how important our ancestors felt it was to be buried along with their fellow Glovners. And so, like Jews from so many other shtetls, those from Glowno joined together to create their own safety net, a bulwark against the difficulties facing them in the New World. The Glovner Young Men's Benevolent Society, Inc. was organized on November 18, 1923.

The Charter Members were:

Adelson, Samuel (see note 1 below)
Berger, I. Dr.
Bernstein, Victor
Bleiman, Abraham
Breitstein, Julius
Breitstein, Samuel
Bleiweizer, Israel
Cohn, Adolph (should be Cohen)
Cobrin, Louis
Devitz, William
Ellgut, Frank
Elkins, Henry
Flamholtz, George
Flamholtz, Joseph
Flamholtz, Morris
Frohman, Max
Folslager, Sarah
Gart, Jacob
Gilbert, Reuben, Dr.
Gold, Alter
Gold, Joseph
Goldhammer (no first name listed)
Goldwasser, David
Jacobs, Max
Karmelson, Solomon (may be Karmason)
Klein, David
Kutner, Max
Kutner, Samuel
Krohn, Joseph
Landau, Reuben
Levant, Louis
Levy, Fred
Leichman, Samuel
Lieberman, Abraham
Lieberman, Godel
Lieberman, Harry
Lieberman, Herman
Lieberman, Jacob
Lieberman, Samuel
Marsdon, Murray
Myers, Samuel
Newman, Abraham
Podvoll, S. M., Dr.
Portegal, Paul
Posnansky, Samuel
Posner, Morris
Posner, Phil
Rothkopf, Morris
Reiber, Isidore
Reichbach, Samuel
Reisman, Morris
Rosenberg, Alter
Rosenberg, Morris
Seidel, Abraham
Seidel, David
Seidel, Louis
Selis, Jack
Salt, Esther
Salt, Irving
Salt, Maxwell
Schwartz, Solomon
Schwartz, Philip
Sohmer, Joseph
Solomon, Tobias
Stein, Samuel
Summer, Abraham
Summer, Harry (see note 2)
Summer, Joseph
Warsinger, Sam
Wolman, Isidore
Zand, Morris

1. Samuel Adelson 's name was listed under the letter K. It is possible, then, that there may have been a misprint and the name may have been Kadelson.
2. There are two entries for Harry Summer on the list. (Original name back in Glowno was Szumiraj.)
A special thanks to Steve Bendelson for providing this list.

The Glover Society was a place where members could get together. Often the members played cards and reminisced about life in Glowno and the people they knew and missed. They became a link between the Old World and the New.

Immigrants to the US, often arrived clutching a paper with the name of a member of the Society. There were two doctors who were members and could be counted on to administer to those who became ill. And, when hard times hit and someone lost his job, the Society advanced him enough money to enable him to get back on his feet. If a Society member became ill, they would be visited by designated members of the group. And, when a man died, the Society would come to the aid of his widow and children.

One of the most important aspects of the Society was the purchase of a burial plot where members and their families could be buried. The Glovner plot is located at Beth David Cemetery in Elmont, New York. If need be, the Society would help to finance the funeral and might even pay for the gravesstone.

A List of Those Buried in the Glovner Plot:

The Glovner plot is at Beth David Cemetery, in Elmont, New York. The list of those buried there was given to me in November 2000 and was current as of that date. There are still available spaces in the plot so it's possible that additional people have been buried since than.

Those seeking information on their ancestors who may be buried there should be able to gain details from the cemetery which can be reached at the included address or fax number. I know of two people who have contacted them and found the staff to be wonderfully helpful.

VOLUNTEERS NEEDED! I'd like to compile a more complete list which gives the names and birth and death dates for those buried in the plot. We'd also like to have the names of their parents, if possible. Any information you can give

us on your family who may be buried in the plot would be greatly appreciated. You can also include your email address so anyone who comes across the information on this web site can contact you. It would be ideal if someone who lives in the New York/New Jersey area could undertake a project to either record the information on the gravestones or photograph them for us. Your information can then be included here.

I'd do it myself but Georgia is a long way from New York and it's difficult for me to get away. There are only 124 graves in the Glovner plot so it's not an overwhelming task.

Again, should you contact Beth David Cemetery, please share with us what you learn. You can send your information to me at:
Cathy J. Flamholtz
1881 Oak Village Lane
Lawrenceville, GA 30043
Email: flamholtz@gmail.com>

Special thanks to Steve Bendelson for providing this information.

Beth David Cemetery
Elmont Cemetery, Inc.300 Elmont Road
Elmont, NY 11003

USA

Phone 516-328-1300
FAX 718-343-3762

The List:

Beer, Joseph
Beer, Rose
Bendelson, Minnie
Bendelson, Norman
Bendelson, Rose
Bialach, Bella
Bialeck, Sam
Bleiman, Abraham
Bleiman, Lena Raisel
Bleiweiss, Celia
Bleiweiss, Israel
Breitstein, Fanny
Breitstein, Julius
Breitstein, Lillian
Breitstein, Molly Anna
Breitstein, Samuel
Cohen, Adolph
Cohen, Tillie
Flamholtz, Anna
Flamholtz, Celia
Flamholtz, Gershon (George)
Flamholtz, Henry
Flamholtz, Joseph
Flamholtz, Morris
Flamholtz, Philip
Flamholtz, Rose
Flamholtz, Tessie
Folslager, Sarah
Frohman, Ida
Frohman, Max
Gimpelson, Allen
Gimpelson, Joel
Gimpelson, Sidney
Gold, Abraham
Gold, Ida
Gold, Sara
Gold, Sarah
Goldberg, Fannie
Goldberg, Pauline
Goldberg, Sidney
Goldhammer, Harry
Goldhammer, Helen
Goldwasser, David
Goldwasser, Esther
Goldwasser, Ida
Goldwasser, Paul
Hendel, Ernest
, Rose
Jacobs, Max
Jacobs, Nettie
Karmason, Natalie
Karmason, Solomon
Katz, Jennie
Katz, Paul
Kesselman, Murray
Kesselman, Sylvia
Klein, Hilda
Kutner, Fannie
Kutner, Samuel
Land, Gussie
Landau, George
Landau, Pauline
Landau, Sara
Leiberman, Abraham
Leiberman, Dora
Leiberman, Ida
Leiberman, Jacob
Leichman, Helen
Leichman, Sam
Levant, Augusta
Levant, Louis
Levy, Ella
Levy, Fred
Marsden, Baby
Portegal, Paul (Pincus)
Posner, Anna
Posner, Isidore
Posner, Morris
Poznansky, Rose
Poznansky, Samuel
Reiber, Chaya
Reiber, Isaac
Reiter, Philip
Richards, Doris
Rothkopf, Esther
Rothkopf, Louis
Rothkopf, Morris
Rothkopf, Rose
Rosenberg, Alter
Rosenberg, Lena
Rosenberg, Morris
Rosenberg, Rose
Sacks, Baby
Sacks, Simon g, Hilda
Rosenberg
Salt, Esther
Salt, Etta
Salt, Harry
Schultz, Dora
Schultz, Harry
Schwartz, Claire
Schwartz, Joseph
Schwartz, Rose
Schwartz, Solomon
Seidel, Estelle
Seidel, Ethel
Seidel, Louis
Sheer, Sigmund
Silverberg, Bella
Silverberg, Harry
Silverberg, Mollie
Silverberg, Samuel
Solomon, Jennie
Solomon, Tobias
Summer, Abraham
Summer, Baby
Summer, Joseph
Summer, Molly
Summer, Yetta
Weiss, Tillie
Wolman, Fannie
Wolman, Isidore
Zand, Morris
Zang, Baby (possibly should be Zand)

Below you will find sections from the Constitution and Rules and Regulations of the Glovner Young Men's Benevolent Society. They make for interesting reading. The officers, in 1931, were:

President Morris Rothkopf
Vice President Joseph Flamholtz
Financial Secretary Harry Lieberman
Cashier Sam Breitstein
Protocol Secretary Morris Zand
Chairman of Cemetery Abraham Lieberman
Trustee Eliazar Zeidel
Trustee Sam Edelson.

A special thanks to distant cousin Steve Bendelson (a descendant of Morris Flamholtz) for the Rules and Regulations, the original members and the list of those in the Glovner plot. Steve is the fourth generation in an unbroken line of those who have served as the Society's President.

If anyone has any additional information on the Glovner Young Men's Benevolent Society, please contact me and I'll share your information here.

I'd like to know where meetings were held; if the Society attended a special synagogue; what meetings and get-togethers were like, etc. I'd also like to know if there are any groups for those from Glowno in any other countries, particularly Israel.

Note: We do not have the complete copy of the Constitution and Rules and Regulations.

ARTICLE 8

10. When a member's wife dies and he marries another, he must present a Doctor's Certificate for her. And, if the Doctor's Certificate is favorable, he must add thereto no less than 25 dollars. However, the Organization may in an exceptional case demand more.

11. As long as the Society does not recognize his second wife as a member, he is regarded by the Society as a single man.

12. In the event of the death of his second wife, the Society is under no obligation, if she is not a member, and her children are also not entitled to benefits. But the children f his first wife are entitled as in Paragraph 1.

13. The wife and children of a deceased member are entitled to cemetery and expenses, provided she pays regular dues in the Society.

14. The amount of her dues is 50 cents less than what a married member pays.

15. In the event she marries another man, she and her children are expelled from the Society.

16. When a member belongs as a single man in the Society, then his wife is not entitled to anything.

17. In each case of death, before the burial, a deposit for a stone must be added, to the amount of 10 Dollars, for the child of a member.

18. In the event a case of death befalls a member, who is not yet 6 months in the Society, ad has not yet made two full bill payments and dues, then the Society is obliged to give only cemetery plot, but no other expenses.

19. In the event a member dies and the Society decides to give 50 Dollars for a monument (stone), then all members shall be taxed.

ARTICLE 9

FINANCE COMMITTEEThe books must be inspected by a Finance Committee at least twice a year, and reported at the meeting after inspection.

COMMITTEE FOR VISITING THE SICK
A Committee to visit sick members shall be appointed by the Financial Secretary according to the alphabet. Every member who does not attend to his duty of visiting a sick member shall be obligated to pay a fine of 1 Dollar.

ARTICLE 10

DEALING WITH CHARGES1. Members who do harm to the Society or insult other members, may be punished in accordance with the decisions of our Society.
2. The President may release him from his right to take the floor, but for no longer than 6 months.
3. He may punish him with money, but not more than 5 dollars.

ARTICLE 11

AMENDMENTS

1. Each Article or Paragraph in this Constitution, may at any time be amended, if the Society deems it necessary. It must, however, be decided upon by a two-thirds vote of the membership at a Special Meeting, called for this purpose.

ARTICLE 12

RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. The meetings of this Society shall be opened at 8:30 PM the latest.
2. The President shall conduct thmeetings with a gavel. The first sound of the gavel calls the meeting to order. A member may be in the heat of a debate, but when the Presid's gavel is sounded, he must take his seat at once. At two sounds of the gavel, all officials must rise. At three sounds of the gavel, all of the members must rise.
3. When a member wants to talk about some matter, he must get the President's permission to do so. No member has the right to speak without the permission of the President.
4. When a decision is reached at a meeting through a majority vote, it shall be read at the next meeting and if no objection is made against the protocol, it becomes a law and no more debating can be done about it.
5. Meetings must be conducted according to meeting procedure, and all matters conducted according to Parliamentary procedure.

ADDITIONS TO THE LAWS

1. In the case of urgent need the President may aid to the extent of 10 Dollars.
2. No Brother has the right to disclose the business of the meetings outside of the Society, particularly as regards objections made against candidates by certain members. And any Brother who breaks this rule is punishable by a fine of money or suspension for a certain period of time.
3. When a Brother behaves in an immoral fashion and it reflects upon the Society, he may be expelled from the Society.
4. When a Brother brings up to another the fact that the latter received aid from the Society, he shall be suspended for 3 months.
5. When it is disclosed that a Brother has drawn sick benefit from the Society and at the same time conducted his business, or did his work, then he is subject to the punishment of paying twice the sum that he had drawn.
6. No Brother has the right to take part in a debate more than two times.
7. During election for candidates, each Brother shall sit quietly in his place and not run around to try to persuade the others for which candidate to vote.

These Laws were modified on the 25th of February, 1931, and approved by a Special Meeting.

Głowno miasto FLAMHOLTZ-ów

Źródło: http://www.zchor.org/glowno/glowno.htm

Email from Cathy J. Flamholtz 4.10.2002
Lawrenceville, GA

USA

It's so great that there's finally a website for Glowno (or Glovno to our Yiddish speaking ancestors). You've done a great job, Ada, and I hope that everyone will pitch in to add additional information.

One of our relatives said that they called Glowno "ir sh'kulo FLAMHOLTZ," the town of FLAMHOLTZES. It's fascinating to see how many people with this rare name resided in the town. Glowno is the ancestral home of the Flamholtzes.

We've traced the family back to one couple who lived there in the 1700s. They adopted the name the year after the Prussians decreed that Jews had to adopt surnames. While our research isn't complete, it appears that all the Flamholtzes descend from this one couple.

Here's the list of surnames that are associated with our Glowno clan. The majority of these folks lived in Glowno itself, though some are children who moved to other shtetls. All are names from the Old Country (I haven't included the names of those who married into the family once they emigrated to the US, Israel, etc.).

I have extensive information for some of the people and only scant information for others. I'd be glad to help anyone and would welcome the chance to swap information.

ABRAMOWICZ, ALEXANDRA, AMSZCZONOWSKA, ARBUS

BAJER, BAUMAN, BEKIER, BELFER, BERKOWITZ, BILSKY, BIRNBAUM, BLUMENFELD, BOCIAN, BOLKOWICZ, BORENSZTEJN, BOROWSKI, BRZEZINSKA, BUCHWAJC, BUKSZTEJN, BURSZTYNOWICZ

CHMIELEWSKI, COOPER, CWAJG, CWERN, CYMERMAN, CYTRYN

DEMBINSKI (DEMBINSKA)

ELL

FAJNTUCH, FALEK, FASS, FELDON, FENNEL, FLAMHOLTZ (as well as variants such as FLAMHOLZ, FLAMHOLC, FLAMCHOLTZ, FLUMHOLTZ, etc.), FLAJSZAKIER, FOGEL, FOGEN, FROMME, FRYDMAN,

GERSZON, GERSZT, GLIKSMAN, GOLDBERG, GOLDSTAJN (GOLDSTEIN; GOLDSTONE), GOLINSKI, GOTLIB, GRANEK, GRINBAUM (GRYNBAUM), GURT, GUTERMAN

HECHT, HENOCH, HENRYKOWSKA, HORYN (HORN), HUZE

ICKOWICZ, IKKA, IZBICKA

JACHIMOWICZ, JAKUBOWICZ

KAC, KAFEMAN, KARO, KIERSZ, KILMSHTEIN, KIRSZTAJN, KISIELEWICZ, KLAR, KLEIN, KLEINBART, KON, KOPLOWICZ, KORN, KRIMOLOVSKY, KRONENBERG, KUTAS, KUTNER

LAJZEROWICZ, LEWKOWICZ, LIEBERMAN, LIPSZYC, LISMAN, LUBELSKA, LUSTIG

MANOWICZ, MARKIEWICZ, MILCHIKER, MONTER, MORDKOWICZ, MORGENSZTERN (MORGENSTERN), MOSZKOW.

NAJMAN (NAIMAN), NAJMARK (NAIMARK), NIEWIADOWICZ, NUTLOW

OBARZANEK

PIETROKOWSKI, POJEDYNEK, POKAZYWA, POZNANSKY (POZNANSKI), PRZYBYLSKA, PYTEL

RASZEWSKA, REPS, ROCHENZON, ROZENBAUM (ROSENBAUM), ROZENBERG (ROSENBERG), ROZENCWAJG, ROZENTAL (ROSENTHAL), RUBINSZTAJN (RUBENSTEIN), RUDINICKI, RUDNITSKY

SALAMON, SEISLOWSKA, SENDER, SIERADZKA, SKOLOMINSKA, SWARC (SZWARCZ; SWARTZ), SZAPSOPWICZ, SZMEKURA, SZMIRGELD, SZNAJ, SZTEJNER, SZTERNBERG (STERNBERG), SZUMIRAJ, SZYMKOWICZ

TROKENSZMID

WACIARZ. WALDMAN, WILK, WOLKOWICZ, WOLMAN, WROBLEWSKI, WROCLAWSKA

YOSPOWITZ

ZAJF, ZAND, ZELLER, ZUMERKORN

Yad Vashem o głowieńskiej społeczności żydowskiej

Źródło: http://www.zchor.org/glowno/glowno.htm

Translation of "Glowno" Chapter from
Pinkas Hakehillot Polin

Published by Yad Vashem

Published in Jerusalem
This is a translation from: Pinkas Hakehillot: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities, Poland,
Volume 1, pages 81-84, published by Yad Vashem, Jerusalem

Glowno
(District of Brzeziny)

Translated by Ada Holtzman ada "at" zchor.org

Year	General Population	Jewish Population
1793/94	321	198
1808	575	398
1827	1023	784
1857	1618	1237
1921	2422	1430
1.9.1939	(?)	2100

The Jewish Community in Glowno until 1918

Town status was granted to Glowno in 1427; and it was lost in 1870.

At the second half of the 18th century, landowners of Glowno brought new settlers to the town and Jews among them who constituted a majority of the town's population until WWII. In 1793 there were 48 artisans, among them 35 Jews: 5 bakers, a butcher, a jeweler, a tanner, 25 tailors, a furrier and a hatter. In the tannery which belonged to a Jew 5 workers worked. There was a Jewish barber as well and the local inn lessee was also a Jew. 6 Jews were merchants.

The Jewish community became independent in 1822. Shortly after that, a synagogue, Beth Midrash (house of learning) and a Mikve (ritual bath) were erected. The building were built on the land of the Paritz (landowner, a squire), who charged leasing fees until the beginning of the 1860s. The Community Committee was obliged to pay tax also to the local priest. The building costs, the leasing fees and other payments worsened the economical situation of the settlement. In addition it suffered from the outburst of a Cholera epidemic and fire which broke out in 1848. In that fire the Beth Midrash and the Mikve were badly damaged and thus the costs increased and were a burden on all the inhabitants (restoration of the burned buildings and houses). Few well established families governed the Community Committee at those years; out of which few served as supporters of the community even in 6 periods of service. The caused grievance of the public and conflicts among the Jews.

Among the rabbis of G. in the second half of the 19th century, we should note rabbi Michael Paczanowski. Another distinguished figure was rabbi Eliahu Laskowski, from the disciples of the Admor (Hassidic Rabbi) of Sochaczew; who was the rabbi of Tuliszkow before. In the years 1908-1920 he served as the rabbi of G. and then he moved Warta. Rabbi E. Laskowski excelled as a gifted Magid (story teller) and erected some Yeshivot (Talmudical colleges). In the period of the Holocaust he was hung in public execution by the Nazis. After him, rabbi Icchak Paczanowswki and rabbi Elimelech Szapira served as the rabbis of G. and they perished in the Holocaust.

During the First World War, the first political organizations were founded in G. In May 1917, a general meeting was assembled and the foundation of the Zionist federation was declared. At the same time, Hamizrachi (the religious Zionist Movement) started its activities in town. The 1918 election to the community committee had already political competition.

Between the Two World Wars

Nearly all the Jewish political parties in Poland were also represented in Glowno. The results of the elections to the Zionist Congress show their effect: Zionim Haklaliim (Al Hamishmar) won 37 of the votes (1937) and again 37 (1939); Hamizrachi got 60 votes (1937) and 23 (1939); the League for Working Israel won 51 votes (1937) and 78 votes (1939). Also Agudat Israel and the Bund were actives in G.

During the elections in 1924 to the city Counsel, 5 Jewish parties participated and won together 6 mandates of the total of 12. In the elections of 1927, there was one list of the Jewish nationalist front which consisted of the General Zionists, Hamizrachi, Agudat Israel, The Craftsmen Association and "House - Owners without a party" (there are no results of these elections).

During the 1930's the economic situation of the Jews worsened in G. A fire which broke out in 1936 added to this while destroying 10 houses of Jews. 28 families remained roofless. In the same year, a group of breadwinners, coachmen in the past, remained without source of living. They founded a bus company which served the line Warsaw-Lodz and the holiday resorts around G. The company developed well, but in the anti-Semitic atmosphere which prevailed than, the Polish authorities cancelled the license of the company.

The poor situation of the settlement prevented from initiators among the community Committee to open a "Tarbut" school, as was planned in 1936.

On 31.5.1936, there were riots in G., which were about to develop into a mass pogrom. 7 hooligans went out of a dancing ball in the firemen hall, and attacked Jews passing by. The police who was alerted arrested one of the attackers. Than, about 150-200 people gathered and tried to free the detainee. A street fight developed and the police finally managed to control the mob with a lot of difficulties. Six of the hooligans were put on trial and jailed for 4-8 months.

The Holocaust

During the first days of G. occupation, in 13.9.1939 and 15.9.1939, the Nazis executed 6 Jews. In January 1940 there were pogroms in which, part of the Polish population participated, in spite of the objection of the priest and some Poles: the Jewish cemetery was profaned, trees were cut and tombstones were removed.

Until the erection of the Ghetto (April 1940) hundreds of Jews came to G., refugees and displaced people from the Warthegau (the region which was annexed to the Reich). G. which was part of the General Government, was a border town between these two regions. Most of the deportees arrived without anything. Some times they were ordered to leave the town within 24 hours. Some of the fugitives left and continued their wanderings and some remained in spite of the decree and settled in the suburbs and mainly in the summer resorts: "Nowi Otowock", "Zakopane" and "Archalow". In January 1940 there were already 2700 Jews deportees of Konstantinow, Brzeziny, Zgierz and Aleksandrow near Lodz.

In 1940 more Jews arrived from various places. And so the number of the Jews in town increased and in July 1940 it was 5602. In the next months, the number of Jews decreased by approximately by 400 because of the deportations to forced labour camps and in December 1940 the number of Jews was 5220.

In Passover year 5700 (1940) the fugitives experienced many hours of terror. On April 5th, a decree was published ordering the Jews to leave town immediately. The imploring of the Judenrat didn't help and thus, the Judenrat designated the poorest Jews who were a burden on the community, for the deportation. On 8.4.1940 while there were already carts ready to take the 400 Jews, the Judenrat managed to cancel the decree. On 18.4.1940 a rumour was spread that all refugees are allowed to go back to their hometowns. Some Jews even explained the liberal order by the coming end of the war. But the following day a decree was published calling 2000 fugitives to present themselves in the market square, ready to leave. At the same time, the police closed athways leading out of town. Some hostages were taken and the Germans threatened to killthem if the decree will not be obeyed. Some of the refugees managed to run out to the surroundingneighborhood. The angry Jews of G. for whom the refugees were as "smoke inth" because they caused raise of thfood prizes,started to take them out of their houses themselves, discover the hiding places and dragging the refugees out and carry them to the market square (..."because of these filthy Jews we have to die?"). In the end they gathered 2000 fugitives. The hostages were released. The German policemen dithe carts to Stryk. The chairman of the Judenrat followed them, equipped with food and beverage. In Strykow they were about to put up for the night, and the follday to return each one to his own place. For the night lodging they alcrothemselves in the synagogue. In the morning, (21.4) the Germans threatened to execute all the men. And in fact shootings were heard and some Jews were injured. Afterwards they were driven back to G. Near G., the Nazis imprisoned half of the refugees in a building which served as factory in the past; the rest managed to escape and return to town. The camp in the factory was watched by volksdeutche. The Judenrat sent food to the prisoners. The Jews Fass and Szer, who were known in town as "Machers" (interceders), started to negotiate with the Germans and for a large bribe managed to release most of the prisoners. Only the poorest remained, but were assisted by the property which was left in the camp/ After a while, the Germans dispersed the camp inhabitants.

In the spring of 1940 rumors about a plan to erect a Ghetto. The Judenrat collected a large sum of money to cancel the decree but nothing helped, and on 7.4 a notice was published by the head of Lowicz region. In the beginning the authorities were about to fix the ghetto in the suburbs Sowoda and Ciechorice but because of the opposition of the Poles who lived there the summer resort by the outskirts of town was chosen ("Nowy Otwock").

The ghetto in G. was officially established as of 12.5.1940. It encompasses 4 streets and 60 summerhouses - one floor wooden houses, which are not fir for living in the winter. The plot of the ghetto was surrounded by wire fence with only one gate. Jewish policemen watched it. The Polish watchman was positioned at the gate (only by daytime) and he didn't interfere in what was happening. There was nearly no interference with the contact with the surrounding.

The Judenrat was given the privilege to distribute freely licenses to leave the ghetto to the town or the village. The Jewish policemen who were controlling at the gate hardly checked the licenses. By the help of bribe, the relationship with the Germans, among them the police, was regulated. Thanks to the easy contact with the Poles, the Jews continued to make a living from craftsmanship and commerce. Part of the craftsmen worked in town - in the sewing workshop and the carpentry of the German police. The poor people among the population made a living from black commerce and smuggling. The Jews of G. went even to Warsaw for the sake of their trade.

Food supplies were usually enough; the prices nearly equal to those outside the ghetto. The Jewish butchers cut the fence at night and let cows inside for slaughter. Their endless quarrels echoed in the ghetto (groups of butchers informed on each other to the German police), and also the Jewish policemen claimed that they do not repair the fence and do not pay the requested bribe (in money or meat). The fish Jewish merchants maintain even a connection to Skierniewice; once a week a cart fully loaded with fish to go there; the fishes were kept in crates which were thrown into the river running inside the ghetto. The peasants used to bring carts full of food until the gate. Although it was forbidden to hold, there was plenty of white flour; the bakers baked "Hallahs" (special bread prepared for the Sabbath) and white bread, with the pretext that this is an order from the hospital.

Some more "liberties" were typical to this ghetto. In Rosh Hashana 5701 (September 1940) the authorities allowed to open a "shtibelech" (small synagogue) for praying. Once a week a football game took place in the ghetto between a youth team of the ghetto and the local Polish groups; entry permits to the Ghetto for the Poles were given by the head of the region.

The Judenrat was appointed by the end of 1939. The chairman was Abram Rosenberg and 6 men from the merchants (only 2 names are known: Kalcki and Baumarder). In the beginning there were 20 policemen in the Jewish police and during the ghetto times - 45; as the heads of its 3 sections - a coachman' a merchant, and the son of the chairman of the Judenrat. In the house, which served the administration and the Jewish police, there was also a room to keep the detainees.

Fass and Szer who were mentioned before, wished to acquire influence on the Jewish administration. According to some versions, they were "cunnings" already before the war, and some said hey were detectives, and during the Nazi regime they became "machers" and witty bribers. The presumption was that they informed the Germans on the rich Jews and pointed at the hiding properties. Some said, that they intended to remove Rosenberg, the chairman of the Judenrat, and for this cause they defamed him to the authorities.

In spite of the reasonable conditions, there was a poor crowd among the inhabitants of the place before the war and among the refugees. The Joint in Warsaw supplied for them money, food and clothing. A popular kitchen was founded which supplied 500-1300 meals a day. From time to time food supplies, clothes, shoes and financial aid as well were distributed to the poor. The Joint appointed in G. representative of its own and also selected the working team at the kitchen. \On this background, a conflict between the Joint and the Judenrat continued constantly because the Joint wanted to run the welfare activities independently and position men of its own choice. As time passed by, the contributions of money and supplies from Warsaw stopped. The appeal for contributions and the trial to impose taxes on the rich people did not succeeded. In October 1940 the kitchen moved to the hands of the Judenrat. On Friday and Saturday nearly no one came to the kitchen, as even the poorest managed to prepare meals for themselves during these days. The distribution of food supplies, clothes, shoes and financial aid continued.

The health services in the ghetto were given to the poor for free and with payment to the affluent men. The only doctor in the ghetto received his salary from the Judenrat. It was Dr. Szmirgold. The small hospital of the ghetto was a wooden summerhouse, which included rooms for the sick, improvised pharmacy and a clinic. The equipment was very poor; the sick were hospitalized but received no treatment because of lack of doctors and public health workers; medicines were sent there by the Joint and the T.A.Z. from Warsaw. In a later period, the Polish Dr. Mirziewski was appointed. Also he received his salary from the Judenrat, but enjoyed the patronage of the German authorities, and has a lot of influence on the ghetto. He improved the conditions and moved the hospital to a s house made of stone and ordered dietetic food to the people in need, according to his instructions. He immunized the population against typhus and managed to overcome this sickness in the ghetto.

The sanitation problems were the freight of the ghetto. The filth ruled everywhere, the crates of garbage were full to overflowing and there was shortage of water closets. The sanitary committee with 20 public health workers was not able to improve the situation. The supervision visits by the health German authorities ended by cruel hunting and forced washings in unheated housed, cutting the hair of women and requests for bribe. The situation improved a little when the Judenrat employed working groups to clear the garbage, and the Jewish police started to arrest people because of waste in their shops, the bakeries and the plots.

The inhabitants of the ghetto were sent to hardforcelabour in the neighbouring farms. The labour department of the Judenrat was obligedto supply working teams for other works in the town. In addition, single Germans or police was hJews from time to time to transport them to various works. Asof 19the camps s. From fear of these deportations, the youngsters used to hide in the forest and the near-by villages and return after the danger was finished. The Jewish and the German policemen were hunting the people in hiding. When the news arrived, about the horrible conditions which pin the forced camps in the Lublin district, where the Jews of G. were, the Judenrat apin the autumn of 1940, a committee aimed to collect for them. In October, the chairman of the Judenrat, Rand anomember Baumarder, left for the Lublin district with the money which was collected. While they were unable to reach the camps themselves, they delivered the money in a roundabout way. It is possible that the representatives of the Jews went to Lublin for another time. Only very few returned from those camps and they were shadows of men.

Other problems were not missing. On 27.9.1940 a fire broke out in town and consumed houses, which belonged previously to the Jews. It was probably a provocation and the Jews were blamed for it. The Germans imprisoned 20 hostages and put them in jail at Lowicz. The ghetto was surrounded by the police, the gate was closed and the exit permits were canceled. A shortage of food prevailed. The Germans fenced the ghetto again by the shape of a rectangular: they ordered to move wire from one place to another and omit curves which smugglers could use. Three houses were taken out of the ghetto premises; giving apartments to the evacuated people cause a lot of troubles. As time run, the atmosphere calmed down again, the exit permits were renewed but the hostages remained locked out. On 8.12.1940, after many pleas of the Judenrat the hostages were released, and the German police requested for them 5 writing cabinets.

The order oft he German police on 10.2.1941 to return all the exit permits, was the beginning of the ghetto liquidation. The Jewish policemen hunted at the ghetto and the surrounding villages all the holders of permanent exit permits. As not all the permits were returned, the German police took as hostages the chairman of the Judenrat himself and his 3 comrades, but released them after a short time. As the news about the deportation of all the Jews from the border district between the General Government and the Reich, the Judenrat started to get tracks for the transfer of the population. The rich moved to Warsaw by their own initiative and with personal vehicles, which they hired. An anarchyprevailed in the ghetto; the Judenrat fought with the Jewish police; the stock of food was stolen. The Poles entered the ghetto by masses and bought the Jewish property for grouts. The German policemen robbed what they wanted freely. On 28.2.1941 the German police announced the deportation to be held on the following day, by carts and after disinfecting the people and their belongings. But until 18.3.1940 there were still Jews in G. The last week of their stay in the ghetto were full of menaces and deadly persecutions if they would not leave the town quickly; they were expelled from street to street and house to house and the ghetto borders shrinked continuously. Jews were kidnapped in the streets and transported to Warsaw. Rosenberg, the chairman of the Judenrat, went to Warsaw in a convoy of 20 sick people. A small number of the craftsmen from G. were transported to Lowicz' where they worked for sometime for the German with group of local craftsmen, until all the Jews of Lowicz were transported to Warsaw ghetto.